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Evaluation & the Health Professions, Vol. 23, No. 2, 123-148 (2000)
DOI: 10.1177/016327870002300201

Modeling Intervention Efficacy for High-Risk Women

The WINGS Project

Judith Greenberg

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Michael Hennessy

University of Pennsylvania

Robin MacGowan

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

David Celentano

The Johns Hopkins University

Virginia Gonzales

University of Washington

Nancy van Devanter

Columbia University

Julie Lifshay

University of California, Berkeley

This study evaluates the effectiveness of two strategies—communication and condom skills training—for increasing condomprotected sex in a sample of 510 high-risk women ages 17 to 61. Baseline and 3- and 6-month postintervention interview data were gathered in three cities participating in a randomized trial of a six-session, group skill-building intervention. This analysis was conducted for the entire sample and for six subgroups categorized by age, single or multiple partners, and history of childhood sexual abuse. The dependent variable was the odds ratio of protected sex acts at each follow-up. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate effects for two intervention pathways. The pathway through condom skills increased the odds of protected sex for the intervention group ({chi}2 difference = 35, df = 2, p < .05) as well as for all subgroups. The pathways through communication were significant for the intervention group ({chi}2 difference = 23, df =3, p < .05) but fully effective only for participants under 30 and participants who reported childhood sexual abuse. The effectiveness of both pathways diminished at 6 months. WINGS demonstrates that condom skills training can increase protected sex for a heterogeneous group of women. Further research needs to examine how such skill training translates into use of condoms by male partners. To increase the duration of intervention effects, booster sessions may need to be incorporated.


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