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Evaluation & the Health Professions
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Item Shells

A Method for Writing Effective Multiple-Choice Test Items

Thomas M. Haladyna

Arizona State University West Campus

Russelyn Roby Shindoll

American College Testing Program

Writing multiple-choice test items has been typically characterized as more of an art than a science. Textbooks commonly offer advice on how to write items, but most inexperienced item writers, despite having expertise in a content area, have difficulty phrasing the stem. A technique is described that has been successfully used in several testing programs in the health professions. This technique, item shell, provides a basis for getting item writers started in the difficult process of w, iting the effective multiple-choice item.

Evaluation & the Health Professions, Vol. 12, No. 1, 97-106 (1989)
DOI: 10.1177/016327878901200106
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[Abstract] [PDF]